1. Redox reactions, enthalpy changes, entropy, Gibbs free energy, reaction mechanisms, rate equations, order of reaction, equilibrium constants, catalyst effects, Boltzmann distribution, ionisation energy

2. Group 2 metal reactivity, acid–base titration (succinic acid, glycolic acid), buffer solutions, pKa concept, pH calculation, acid–base equilibria, weak acids, Brønsted–Lowry theory

3. Periodic trends, atomic structure, ionisation energy graph, electron configuration, standard electrode potentials, oxidation states, transition metal complexes, stereoisomerism (cis–trans, optical isomers)

4. Quantitative chemistry, titration calculations, molar mass, empirical formula, limiting reagents, percentage composition, mass and energy conservation

5. Reaction energetics, bond enthalpy, Hess’s law, enthalpy of formation, combustion reactions, calorimetry, specific heat capacity, temperature change estimation

6. Precipitation reactions, ligand exchange, complex ion formation, transition metal colour changes, oxidation states in transition series, reactions with NaOH, redox equations with E° values