1. Organic synthesis pathways, mechanisms (nucleophilic substitution, radical substitution, electrophilic addition), hydrolysis of esters, stereoisomerism (cis–trans, optical), ozonolysis of alkenes, mass spectrum and NMR interpretation 2. Infrared and NMR spectroscopy, chiral centers, 13C and 1H NMR splitting patterns, functional group identification, carbonyl group tests (2,4-DNP, Tollens), molecular formula calculation via gas laws 3. Polymer chemistry (addition, condensation, amino acid-derived polymers), drawing repeat units, structure of monomers, naming and reactions of carboxylic acids, esterification, nitration, reduction of nitro groups to amines 4. Atom economy, molecular mass, combustion reactions, formula determination, sigma bond counting, chiral carbon detection, functional group identification via skeletal and displayed formulas 5. Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanisms, phenol reactivity, oxidation with acidified dichromate, acylation reactions, carbon-carbon bond formation in aliphatic synthesis, use of acid anhydrides and alcohols for ester formation 6. Analytical techniques in organic chemistry, identification of unknowns using spectral data (IR, NMR, mass spectra), comparison of isomers using spectroscopy, structure elucidation of compounds with chiral centers and multiple functional groups