1. Redox chemistry, electrode potentials, oxidation states in ammonium nitrate and dichromate, disproportionation of hypochlorite, redox titration with iodine and vitamin C, standard electrode potentials interpretation

2. Organic chemistry: nucleophilic substitution mechanism (1-bromobutane from butan-1-ol), reflux and distillation purification, structure–reactivity correlation in NMR, hydrogen bonding impact on boiling point, optical isomerism in vitamin C

3. Energetics: enthalpy change of hydration (Ca²⁺), calorimetry setup and calculation, Hess’s law energy cycle, combustion of fuel mixtures (octane + ethanol), entropy and enthalpy relationships

4. Equilibrium and Le Chatelier′s Principle: CoCl₄²⁻/Co(H₂O)₆²⁺ colorimetric analysis, effect of temperature and AgNO₃ on equilibrium shifts, graphical analysis of absorbance vs time

5. Polymer and amino acid chemistry: square planar copper(II) glycinate isomers, acid–base behavior of glycine salts and bond angle variations, formation and structure of amino acid complexes

6. Spectroscopic analysis and structural elucidation: ¹H and ¹³C NMR interpretation, splitting pattern prediction, chemical shift explanation, IR and mass spectrometry application for organic compound identification