1. Periodic trends and structure: hydrogen bonding elements (N, O, F), ionisation energy patterns, metallic and molecular lattice types, octahedral compounds (SF₆), unpaired electrons, atomic mass calculation 2. Reaction types and energetics: enthalpy of solution (calorimetry), acid dilution effect on rate, redox and disproportionation (Au/HCl/HNO₃), equilibrium constant (Kc for SO₃ formation), bond angle prediction in nitric acid, dot-and-cross for NO₃⁻ 3. Mechanisms and organic reactivity: diazonium ion hydrolysis (carbocation mechanism), nucleophilic substitution with water, reaction flowcharts (acrolein, aspirin, phenol), reflux setup, esterification and hydrolysis equations 4. Spectroscopy and structure determination: aspirin titration analysis, proton/carbocation structure in organic acids, molecular identification from elemental, IR, NMR, MS data, molar mass from gas data (chlorauric acid example) 5. Coordination and transition chemistry: Tutton’s salts (double salt formation), copper-ammonia complex, transition metal precipitation, confirmatory test for SO₄²⁻, ligand substitution, anion testing (sulfate), ammonia test gas