1. France—Robespierre’s Terror motives (enemies within, economic control), role of war in Revolution, sans-culottes influence on Jacobins, collapse of 1791 Constitution

2. Germany—Weimar instability (reparations, political divisions), Nazi propaganda impact, Hitler’s foreign policy (Lebensraum, Anschluss), 1933 Enabling Act

3. Italy—Giolitti’s political strategy, Mussolini’s rise (March on Rome, elite support), Fascist economic policies (Battles for Grain/Lira), propaganda and repression

4. USSR—War Communism vs NEP, collectivisation impact on peasants, Stalin’s consolidation of power (purges, propaganda), Five-Year Plans and industrialisation

5. Cold War—Berlin Crisis 1948–49, Korean War containment strategy, Cuban Missile Crisis (blockade, diplomacy), Vietnam escalation (Gulf of Tonkin, protests)

6. USA—Watergate scandal effects, Reaganomics (tax cuts, trickle-down), feminist backlash (STOP ERA), 1960s liberal reforms (Great Society, civil rights laws)