1. Qur’an and ritual: daily remembrance (dhikr), salah (prayer), fasting, recitation, spiritual discipline, practical embodiment of revelation, role in identity formation

2. Barzakh (intermediate state): Qur’anic and Hadith sources, mercy vs judgment, spiritual purification, divine justice, eschatological significance, modern interpretations

3. Science and Islam: Qur’anic verses on nature and reflection, Ijtihad and reasoning (ʿaql), contributions of Muslim scholars in Golden Age, conflict vs compatibility with modern science

4. Apostasy laws: fiqh perspectives, classical jurisprudence vs contemporary human rights discourse, political implications, debate on coercion, religious freedom, reformist views

5. Core themes: Islamic epistemology, ritual theology, eschatology, law and ethics, modernity and reform, interfaith dialogue and pluralism

6. 40-mark essay format; critical evaluation, scriptural reference, theological depth, contemporary and classical balance required