1. Dukkha (duhkha): First Noble Truth, centrality in Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, Pali Canon emphasis, existential suffering, rebirth cycle, liberation through cessation 2. Arhat vs Bodhisattva: Theravāda enlightenment vs Mahāyāna compassion ideal, nirvana vs samsara-return, similarities in spiritual discipline, differences in doctrinal goal and social outlook 3. Pure Land Buddhism: faith in Amida Buddha, nembutsu practice, deviation from self-power (jiriki) path, historical vs later Mahāyāna development, critiques of non-traditional soteriology 4. Engaged Buddhism: Thích Nhất Hạnh, social action rooted in mindfulness, reinterpretation of precepts, ecological justice, activism, tension with monastic seclusion and renunciation 5. Key themes: soteriology, comparative doctrine, reformist movements, Buddhist praxis, traditional orthodoxy vs contextual adaptation 6. Essay-based 40-mark questions; critical doctrinal analysis, scriptural reference, comparison across traditions, contemporary relevance and historical grounding required