1. Augustine’s theodicy: privation theory of evil, free will defense, original sin, soul-deciding vs soul-making, criticisms by Hick and Dostoevsky 2. Aquinas’ Fifth Way: teleological argument based on purpose and governance, unmoved mover directing non-intelligent beings, compatibility with modern science questioned, critiques from Hume and Darwinism 3. Anselm’s four-dimensionalism: eternalist view of time, God outside of temporal sequence, atemporal causality, Boethian influence, challenges in divine action and free will 4. Aristotle’s Prime Mover: final cause, pure actuality, unmoved and eternal, contrast with theistic personal God, implications for cosmology and metaphysics 5. Emphasis on classical theism, metaphysics, philosophy of time, and problem of evil; evaluation of coherence, logical structure, and theological implications 6. Extended 40-mark essays; philosophical rigor, use of classical sources, critical reflection, and comparison of alternative viewpoints essential