1. Messianic hope: traditional vs secular interpretations, Maimonides’ 13 principles, Zionism, restoration of Israel, modern pluralistic relevance, spiritual vs political expectations 2. Promised Land: covenant theology, historical vs spiritual homeland, diaspora identity, modern state of Israel, religious nationalism, secularism, evolving theological meaning 3. Same-sex relationships: halachic prohibitions (Leviticus), Reform vs Orthodox perspectives, legal equality vs divine command, ethical reinterpretation, evolving rabbinic discourse 4. Chagall’s art and suffering: symbolism, visual theology, Holocaust memory, Jewish identity and trauma, emotional engagement with historical persecution, artistic theology 5. Themes: Jewish eschatology, land theology, contemporary ethics, theology through art, tradition vs modernity, intra-faith diversity 6. 40-mark essays; requires doctrinal grounding, critical evaluation, historical and contemporary perspectives, interdisciplinary insight where relevant (e.g., visual culture)