1. Karma theory: fruit-bearing karma (prarabdha), sanchita and agami karma, influence on current incarnation, liberation (moksha) implications, determinism vs free will debate 2. Vaishnavism vs Shaivism: deity centrality (Vishnu vs Shiva), theology and cosmology, devotional practices (bhakti), scriptural focus (Puranas), sectarian identity, philosophical schools (Advaita, Dvaita) 3. Hindutva identity: political nationalism vs religious tradition, Savarkar’s ideology, RSS and BJP roles, contrast with pluralistic Hinduism, secularism and communal tension 4. Neo-Vedanta: Vivekananda’s reinterpretation of Advaita Vedanta, universalism, social reform, modern Hindu identity, comparison with traditional Vedanta, critique of Westernized framing 5. Themes: karma and rebirth, sectarianism, identity politics, philosophical reform, socio-political impact, scriptural and practical interpretations 6. 40-mark essay structure; deep analysis of philosophical, theological, and sociopolitical perspectives with classical sources and modern developments integrated