1. Wilaya in Sufism: concept of divine friendship, saints (awliya), mystical proximity to God, Qur’anic basis vs mainstream Sunni critique, orthodoxy vs spiritual expression 2. 9/11 and Islam in Europe: media portrayal, Islamophobia, policy shifts, Muslim identity, integration challenges, rise of far-right narratives, interfaith dialogue 3. Islamic contributions to science: Golden Age achievements (medicine, astronomy, mathematics), influence on Western development, Qur’anic encouragement of knowledge, modern relevance vs historical decline 4. Gender inequality and culture: differentiation between cultural practices and Islamic principles, scriptural interpretation (Qur’an and Hadith), patriarchal customs, reformist vs traditionalist views 5. Themes: mysticism vs orthodoxy, contemporary social perception, science and religion, gender justice; intersection of theology, history, and sociopolitical analysis 6. 40-mark essay format; requires analytical depth, textual evidence, historical examples, and critical engagement with modern Islamic thought and global context