1. Poverty and exclusion: reduced social participation, isolation, limited leisure for children, constrained parental roles, psychological impact from unemployment and financial stress

2. Access to elite universities: educational inequality, school type and regional advantage, UCAS data use for policy, Russell Group dominance, independent vs comprehensive disparities

3. Qualitative research: semi-structured interviews offer depth, personal context, subjective experience of poverty; disadvantage in representativeness, comparability, interviewer bias

4. Quantitative methods: large-scale secondary data (UCAS), pattern identification, policy implications, lacks depth of lived experience, useful for institutional comparisons and regional analysis

5. Work and employment: discrimination by age, gender, ethnicity, disability; glass ceiling, pay gaps, unequal access to promotions, bias in recruitment practices

6. Age inequalities: structuralist vs interactionist views, life course theory, ageism, functionalism (role allocation), Marxist (exploitation), feminist (gendered ageing), postmodern perspectives on age identity and choice