1. Digital communication—disaster response, global connectivity, social media activism, emergency alerts, community resilience, relationship maintenance

2. Virtual communities—identity construction, postmodern perspectives, online belonging, anonymity, social boundaries blurred, concerns over regulation

3. Green crime—transnational environmental harm, corporate pollution, climate change impact, eco-justice, weak regulation, green criminology

4. Right realism—crime prevention focus, rational actor model, broken windows, tough policing, social control, underplays structural causes

5. Male crime dominance—hegemonic masculinity, risk-taking behavior, socialization patterns, peer influence, justice system bias, patriarchy

6. Education inequality—gendered achievement patterns, teacher labelling, working-class disadvantage, cultural capital, subcultures, meritocracy critique