1. Ethnic pay gap trends—persistent wage inequality, Indian group highest average, Pakistani/Bangladeshi lowest, gradual increase over years, disparity in progression

2. Ethical issues in offender research—power imbalance, informed consent, confidentiality, emotional detachment, institutional gatekeeping

3. Official statistics—strength: large-scale reliability, trend visibility; weakness: lack of context, potential misclassification, limited insight into lived experience

4. Qualitative methods—deep insight, emotional narratives, reflexivity, rapport building, semi-participant observation, ethical sensitivity, sample bias risk

5. Gendered life chances—employment inequality, educational achievement, health disparities, occupational segregation, gender norms, intersectionality

6. Weberian stratification—class-market position, status-honor/prestige, party-power dynamics, multidimensional inequality, contrast with Marxism, role of social closure and mobility