1. Biology—photosynthesis variables, respiration comparison, food web energy transfer, digestive enzyme function, DNA and inheritance, variation (genetic/environmental), reproduction types
2. Chemistry—acid reactions, combustion, pH and indicators, displacement, corrosion protection, neutralisation, compound naming and formulae interpretation
3. Physics—speed and distance-time graphs, Hooke’s law and elasticity, pressure calculations, energy transfers (Sankey), light reflection/refraction, lens diagrams
4. Earth Science—acid rain impact, lichen bioindicators, rock type identification, renewable vs non-renewable resources, environmental adaptation of species
5. Scientific method—control/independent/dependent variables, anomaly recognition, graphing and trend analysis, fair testing, experimental improvement