1. Reading comprehension and vocabulary: identifying purpose of the text (to inform), recognizing adjectives describing polar regions, understanding surprised tone through specific words, identifying synonyms (e.g. ‘survive’), determining sentence types (simple, complex) 2. Text structure and factual detail: linking ideas between paragraphs, identifying plant needs (light, water), recognizing terms like ‘hardy’ for strong survival traits, completing food chain table with terms (carnivore, herbivore, producer), identifying encyclopaedia as source type 3. Organisation and presentation: explaining structure via headings, sections, steps; recognizing use of bullet points and numbered instructions 4. Grammar and language features: identifying word types (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun) from instructional text, using two-word phrases (e.g. ‘final step’), interpreting safety precautions during a craft activity 5. Practical understanding: explaining how to care for a lichen garden (e.g. watering, checking growth), ensuring regular maintenance 6. Instructional writing: planning and writing a step-by-step guide for a familiar task (recipe, game, craft), using imperative verbs, logical order, and clear layout