- Light microscopy, magnification calculation, eyepiece graticule, stage micrometer scale, image size, actual size.
- DNA transcription, cell structures, chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus.
- Biological molecules, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, starch, protein, Benedict’s solution, biuret reagent.
- Phospholipid structure, fluidity of cell membranes, hydrophobic interactions, bilayer formation.
- Enzyme kinetics, Michaelis–Menten constant, substrate affinity, Vmax interpretation.
- Cell cycle phases, mitosis, DNA replication, nucleotide bonding, complementary base pairing.