- Magnification calculations in electron microscopy, scale bars, and actual lengths. - Calibration of eyepiece graticules using stage micrometers, direct measurement of cell lengths. - Functions of cell structures: mRNA transport, microtubule organization, polypeptide synthesis. - Formation of lysosomes, hydrolytic enzymes, roles of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body. - Presence of rRNA in cellular organelles: chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum. - Characteristics of prokaryotic cells: circular DNA, cell wall structure, implications for classification.