You can download the PDF file for complete details. 1. Analysis of socially optimal output for demerit goods using marginal social cost and benefit curves. 2. Public goods and market failure: non-excludability and free-rider problem as critical factors. 3. Cost–benefit analysis in infrastructure projects: distinguishing private costs from external costs. 4. Downward-sloping demand curves: assumptions holding consumer income constant. 5. Impact of sales tax on budget lines: graphical representation of consumer behavior changes. 6. Determination of marginal product's influence on total output and decreasing returns.