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Key topics from the document:

1. Population | Life expectancy patterns in Europe, challenges of high life expectancy, economic development links, and gender balance variations in high-income countries (HICs).

2. Migration | Trends in international migration, obstacles posed by physical factors, stepped migration vs. urban–urban migration, and the effects of migration on source areas.

3. Settlement Dynamics | Urban population growth rates, causes of population decline in cities, competition for land due to rapid urbanization, and rural population changes.

4. Case Study-Based Assessments | Evaluations of population policies, migration impacts, rural settlement growth or decline, and policy success in addressing settlement challenges.