[Download file](sandbox:/mnt/data/7526_PDF_Gama.ir_uAZAlM.pdf) Key topics and important questions: - Tropical Environments | Impact of deforestation on nutrient cycles, role of chemical weathering in tropical karst formation, and climate influence on tropical soils - Coastal Environments | Risks to coral reefs, sediment sources in coastal areas, and effectiveness of hard engineering in coastal management - Hazardous Environments | Relationship between tornado frequency and fatalities, earthquake hazards, and preparedness for mass movements - Hot Arid & Semi-Arid Environments | Flash floods and landform development, significance of salt crystal growth in weathering, and climatic variations in desert environments The exam requires answering four questions from two different options, with a total of 60 marks.